Uses Circumflex

1 uses

1.1 phonetic marker

1.1.1 pitch
1.1.2 length
1.1.3 stress
1.1.4 vowel quality
1.1.5 other articulatory features


1.2 abbreviation, contraction, , disambiguation

1.2.1 english
1.2.2 french
1.2.3 italian
1.2.4 norwegian


1.3 mathematics
1.4 music

uses
phonetic marker
pitch

the circumflex has origins in polytonic orthography of ancient greek, marked long vowels pronounced high , falling pitch. in similar vein, circumflex today used mark tone contour in international phonetic alphabet.

the shape of circumflex combination of acute , grave accents (^), marked syllable contracted 2 vowels: acute-accented vowel , non-accented vowel (all non-accented syllables in ancient greek once marked grave accent). later variant similar tilde (~) used.

the term circumflex used describe similar tonal accents result combining 2 vowels in related languages such sanskrit , latin.

since modern greek has stress accent instead of pitch accent, circumflex has been replaced acute accent in modern monotonic orthography.

length

the circumflex accent marks long vowel in orthography or transliteration of several languages.

akkadian. in transliteration of language, circumflex indicates long vowel resulting aleph contraction.
in emilian, â î û used represent [aː, iː, uː]
french. in varieties, such in belgian french, swiss french , acadian french, vowels circumflex long: fête [fɛːt] (party) longer faite [fɛt]. length compensates deleted consonant, s.
standard friulian.
japanese. in kunrei-shiki , nihon-shiki systems of romanization, , hepburn system, circumflex used replacement macron.
jèrriais.
in kurmanji kurdish, ⟨ê î û⟩ used represent /eː iː uː/.
ligurian language.
in luxembourgish m̂ n̂ can used indicate nasalisation of vowel. also, circumflex can on vowel indicate nasalisation. in either case, circumflex rare.
in serbo-croatian circumflex can used distinguish homographs, , called genitive sign or length sign . examples include sam versus sâm alone . example, phrase alone may written ja sam sâm improve clarity. example: da yes , dâ gives .
turkish. according turkish language association orthography, düzeltme işareti correction mark on a, , u marks long vowel disambiguate similar words. example, compare ama , âmâ blind , şura place, there , şûra council . in general, circumflexes occur in arabic , persian loanwords vowel length in turkish not phonemic. however, standard never applied entirely consistently , 21st century many publications had stopped using circumflexes entirely.
welsh. circumflex known hirnod long sign or acen grom crooked accent , more , colloquially bach little roof . lengthens stressed vowel (a, e, i, o, u, w, y), , used particularly differentiate between homographs; e.g. tan , tân, ffon , ffôn, gem , gêm, cyn , cŷn, or gwn , gŵn.
in adûnaic, black speech, , khuzdul, constructed languages of j. r. r. tolkien, long vowels transcribed circumflex. in sindarin long vowels in monosyllabic words take circumflex , long vowels in longer words take acute.

stress

bilingual sign showing use of circumflex in welsh indicator of length , stress: parêd [paˈreːd] parade , opposed pared [ˈparɛd] partition wall .

the circumflex accent marks stressed vowel of word in languages:

portuguese â, ê, , ô stressed “closed” vowels, opposed open counterparts á, é, , ó (see below).
welsh: circumflex, due function disambiguating lengthening sign (see above), used in polysyllabic words word-final long vowels. circumflex indicates stressed syllable (which on penultimate syllable), since in welsh, non-stressed vowels may not long. happens notably singular ends in a, to, e.g. singular camera, drama, opera, sinema → plural camerâu, dramâu, operâu, sinemâu; however, occurs in singular nominal forms, e.g. arwyddocâd; in verbal forms, e.g. deffrônt, cryffânt; etc.

vowel quality

in afrikaans, circumflex marks vowel irregular pronunciation typically stressed. examples of circumflex use in afrikaans sê , wêreld world , môre tomorrow , , brûe bridges .
in bamanankan, marks falling tone, opposed háček signifies on syllable, tone rising.
in breton, used on e show letter pronounced open instead of closed.
in bulgarian, sound represented in bulgarian cyrillic letter ъ (er goljam) transliterated â in systems used prior 1989. although called schwa (misleadingly suggesting unstressed lax sound), more accurately described mid unrounded vowel /ɤ/. unlike english or french, similar romanian , afrikaans, can stressed.
in pinyin romanized mandarin chinese, ê used represent sound /ɛ/ in isolation, occurs exclamation.
in french, letter ê pronounced open, è. in usual pronunciations of central , northern france, ô pronounced close, eau; in southern france, no distinction made between close , open o.
portuguese â /ɐ/, ê /e/, , ô /o/ stressed high vowels, in opposition á /a/, é /ɛ/, , ó /ɔ/, stressed low vowels.
in romanian, circumflex used on vowels â , î mark vowel /ɨ/, similar russian yery. names of these accented letters â din , î din i, respectively. (the letter â appears in middle of words; thus, majuscule version appears in all-capitals inscriptions.)
in slovak, circumflex (vokáň) turns letter o diphthong: ô /uo/.
in swedish dialect , folklore literature circumflex used indicate phonemes /a(ː)/ or /æ(ː)/ (â), /ɶ(ː)/ or /ɞ(ː)/ (ô) , /ɵ(ː)/ (û) in dialects , regional accents these distinct /ɑ(ː)/ (a), /ø(ː)/ (ö) or /o(ː)/ (o or å) , /ʉ(ː)/ (u) respectively, unlike standard swedish [a] , [ɑː], [ɵ] , [ʉː] short , long allophones of phonemes /a/ , /ʉ/ respectively, , old swedish short /o/ (ŏ) has merged /o(ː)/ old swedish /ɑː/ (ā, modern swedish å) instead of centralizing [ɞ] or fronting [ɶ] , remaining distinct phoneme (ô) in dialects in question. different methods can found in different literature, author may use æ instead of â, or use â others use å̂ (å circumflex; sound between /ɑ(ː)/ , /o(ː)/).
vietnamese â /ə/, ê /e/, , ô /o/ higher vowels /ɑ/, e /ɛ/, , o /ɔ/. circumflex can appear tone mark on same vowel, in word việt. vowels circumflex considered separate letters base vowels.

other articulatory features

in emilian, ê ô [eː, oː] denote both length , height. in romagnol, used represent diphthongs /eə, oə/, specific articulation varies between dialects, e.g. sêl [seəl~seɛl~sæɛl~sɛɘl] salt .
in chichewa, ŵ (present example in name of country malaŵi) used denote voiced bilabial fricative /β/; nowadays, however, chichewa-speakers pronounce regular [w].
in pinyin, romanized writing of mandarin chinese, ẑ, ĉ, , ŝ are, albeit rarely, used represent zh [tʂ], ch [tʂʰ], , sh [ʂ], respectively.
in esperanto, circumflex used on ĉ [tʃ], ĝ [dʒ], ĥ [x], ĵ [ʒ], ŝ [ʃ]. each indicates different consonant unaccented form, , considered separate letter purposes of collation. (see esperanto orthography.)
in nsenga, ŵ denotes labiodental approximant /ʋ/.
in philippine languages, circumflex (pakupyâ) used represent simultaneous occurrence of stress , glottal stop in last vowel of word.
in old tupi, circumflex changed vowel semivowel: î [j], û [w], , ŷ [ɰ].
in turkish, circumflex on , u used in words of arabic or persian derivation indicate when preceding consonant (k, g, l) pronounced palatal plosive; [c], [ɟ] (kâğıt, gâvur, mahkûm, gülgûn). circumflex on used indicate nisba suffix (millî, dinî).
in african language venda, circumflex below d, l, n, , t used represent dental consonants: ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ.
in 18th century, real academia española introduced circumflex accent in spanish mark ch or x pronounced [k] , [ks] respectively (instead of [tʃ] , [x], default values): châracteres, exâcto (spelled today caracteres, exacto). usage abandoned during same century, once rae decided use ch , x 1 assigned pronunciation only: [tʃ] , [ks] respectively.

abbreviation, contraction, , disambiguation
english

in 18th century british english, before cheap penny post , while paper taxed, combination ough shortened ô when gh not pronounced, save space: thô though, thorô thorough, , brôt brought.

french

in french, circumflex marks former presence of consonant (usually s) deleted , no longer pronounced. (the corresponding norman french words, , consequently words derived them in english, retain lost consonant.) example:

ancêtre ancestor
hôpital hospital
hôtel hostel
forêt forest
rôtir roast
côte coast
pâté paste
août august
dépôt (from latin depositum deposit , referring both deposit or storehouse of kind)

note in current french, english spellings, @ least in terms of syllable circumflex, pronounced same french spellings, owing transformative effect of s on preceding vowel – example forêt [fɔʁɛ] forest , per est [ɛ] (third person singular of être). conversely, in homograph est [ɛst] east , [s] sound pronounced.

some homophones (or near-homophones in varieties of french) distinguished circumflex. however, â, ê , ô distinguish different sounds in varieties of french, instance cote [kɔt] level, mark, code number , côte [kot] rib, coast, hillside .

in handwritten french, example in taking notes, m circumflex (m̂) informal abbreviation même same .

in february 2016, académie française decided remove circumflex 2000 words, plan had been outlined since 1990. however, usage of circumflex not considered incorrect.

italian

in italian, î used in plural of nouns , adjectives ending -io [jo] crasis mark. other possible spellings -ii , obsolete -j or -ij. example, plural of vario [ˈvaːrjo] various can spelt vari, varî, varii; pronunciation stay [ˈvaːri] 1 [i]. plural forms of principe [ˈprintʃipe] prince , of principio [prinˈtʃipjo] principle, beginning can confusing. in pronunciation, distinguished whether stress on first or on second syllable, principi correct spelling of both. when necessary avoid ambiguity, advised write plural of principio principî or principii.

norwegian

in norwegian, circumflex differentiates fôr lining, fodder preposition for. historical point of view, circumflex indicates word used spelled letter ð in old norse – example, fôr derived fóðr, lêr leather leðr, , vêr weather, ram veðr (both lêr , vêr occur in nynorsk spelling; in bokmål these words spelled lær , vær). after ð disappeared, replaced d (fodr, vedr).

mathematics

in mathematics, circumflex used modify variable names; read hat , e.g., î hat . fourier transform of function ƒ denoted






f
^





{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}

.

in notation of sets, hat above element signifies element removed set, such in



{

x

0


,
…
,




x
^




i


,
…
,

x

n


}


{\displaystyle \{x_{0},\dotsc ,{\hat {x}}_{i},\dotsc ,x_{n}\}}

, set containing elements




x

0


,
…
,

x

n




{\displaystyle x_{0},\dotsc ,x_{n}}

except




x

i




{\displaystyle x_{i}}

.

in vector notation, hat above letter indicates unit vector (a dimensionless vector magnitude of 1). instance,







ı

^





{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}

,







x

^





{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}

, or








e

^




1




{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}

stands unit vector in direction of x-axis of cartesian coordinate system.

in statistics, hat used denote estimator or estimated value, opposed theoretical counterpart. example, in errors , residuals, hat in






ε
^





{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}

indicates observable estimate (the residual) of unobservable quantity called



ε


{\displaystyle \varepsilon }

(the statistical error). read x-hat or x-roof, x represents character under hat.

music

in music theory , musicology, circumflex above numeral used make reference particular scale degree.

in music notation, chevron-shaped symbol placed above note indicates marcato, special form of emphasis or accent. in music string instruments, narrow inverted chevron indicates note should performed up-bow.